NTPsec

NTP4: SecureSync, Rubidium, NTP (Classic)
Seven Day - September 15, 2026 09:00 UTC

Report generated: Tue Sep 15 09:12:36 2026 UTC
Start Time: Tue Sep 8 09:12:34 2026 UTC
End Time: Tue Sep 15 09:12:34 2026 UTC
Report Period: 7.0 days

Return to It's About Time

Section Time Frame NTP Server
Local Clock Time/Frequency Offsets One Hour NTP0: x86 SBC, NTPSec, NTP-disciplined (stratum 2)
Local RMS Time Jitter Three Hour NTP1: RPi4B, Uputronics M8, NTPSec
Local RMS Frequency Jitter Six Hour NTP2: CM4, Bollar ZED-F9T, NTPSec
Local Clock Time Offset Histogram Twelve Hour NTP3: CM5, TimeHat LEA-M8T, NTPSec
Local Temperatures One Day NTP4: SecureSync, Rubidium, NTP (Classic)
Local Frequency/Temp Two Day NTP5: RPi3B+, Uputronics MAX-M8Q, NTPSec
Local GPS Three Day NTP6: CM4, TimeBeat OTC Mini, PTP
Server Offsets Seven Day NTP7: LeoNTP, Standalone GNSS, Firmware
Server Jitters Fourteen Day (Updated Daily)
Summary One Month (Updated Daily)
NTPQ Stats
GNSS Performance

NTP4 is a Safran SecureSync 1200 appliance with a Rubidium oscillator and u-blox timing GNSS receiver. It is used as a highly stable atomic reference clock for the network.

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Local Clock Time/Frequency Offsets

local offset plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Local Clock Time Offset -10.000 -1.000 -1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 41.000 2.000 2.000 0.837 0.001 µs 17.9 664
Local Clock Frequency Offset -24.239 -24.017 -23.993 -23.965 -23.933 -23.853 -23.823 0.060 0.164 0.031 -23.964 ppm -1.788 29.19

The time and frequency offsets between the ntpd calculated time and the local system clock. Showing frequency offset (red, in parts per million, scale on right) and the time offset (blue, in μs, scale on left). Quick changes in time offset will lead to larger frequency offsets.

These are fields 3 (time) and 4 (frequency) from the loopstats log file.



Local RMS Time Jitter

local jitter plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Local RMS Time Jitter 0.954 0.956 0.959 0.972 1.131 4.337 22.577 0.172 3.381 0.854 1.082 µs 11.91 169

The RMS Jitter of the local clock offset. In other words, how fast the local clock offset is changing.

Lower is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0μs.

RMS jitter is field 5 in the loopstats log file.



Local RMS Frequency Jitter

local stability plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Local RMS Frequency Jitter 0.014 0.075 0.115 0.222 0.440 1.470 7.080 0.325 1.395 0.311 0.265 ppb 9.716 124.2

The RMS Frequency Jitter (aka wander) of the local clock's frequency. In other words, how fast the local clock changes frequency.

Lower is better. An ideal clock would be a horizontal line at 0ppm.

RMS Frequency Jitter is field 6 in the loopstats log file.



Local Clock Time Offset Histogram

local offset histogram plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Local Clock Offset -10.000 -1.000 -1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 41.000 2.000 2.000 0.837 0.001 µs 17.9 664

The clock offsets of the local clock as a histogram.

The Local Clock Offset is field 3 from the loopstats log file.



Local Temperatures

local temps plot

Local temperatures. These will be site-specific depending upon what temperature sensors you collect data from. Temperature changes affect the local clock crystal frequency and stability. The math of how temperature changes frequency is complex, and also depends on crystal aging. So there is no easy way to correct for it in software. This is the single most important component of frequency drift.

The Local Temperatures are from field 3 from the tempstats log file.



Local Frequency/Temp

local freq temps plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Local Clock Frequency Offset -24.239 -24.017 -23.993 -23.965 -23.933 -23.853 -23.823 0.060 0.164 0.031 -23.964 ppm -1.788 29.19
Temp BOARD 48.000 48.750 49.880 58.880 59.880 59.880 62.880 10.000 11.130 2.462 58.183 °C
Temp CPU 48.000 49.120 50.250 59.250 59.750 60.000 62.380 9.500 10.880 2.457 58.486 °C
Temp OSC 39.690 40.130 41.170 48.920 49.290 49.510 51.230 8.120 9.380 2.117 48.297 °C

The frequency offsets and temperatures. Showing frequency offset (red, in parts per million, scale on right) and the temperatures.

These are field 4 (frequency) from the loopstats log file, and field 3 from the tempstats log file.



Local GPS

local gps plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
nSats 15.000 17.000 19.000 22.000 25.000 27.000 29.000 6.000 10.000 1.927 22.377 nSat -0.1146 3.27
TDOP 0.180 0.180 0.190 0.190 0.200 0.200 0.210 0.010 0.020 0.005 0.192 0.3321 2.863

Local GPS. The Time Dilution of Precision (TDOP) is plotted in blue. The number of visible satellites (nSat) is plotted in red.

TDOP is field 3, and nSats is field 4, from the gpsd log file. The gpsd log file is created by the ntploggps program.

TDOP is a dimensionless error factor. Smaller numbers are better. TDOP ranges from 1 (ideal), 2 to 5 (good), to greater than 20 (poor). Some GNSS receivers report TDOP less than one which is theoretically impossible.



Server Offsets

peer offsets plot

The offset of all refclocks and servers. This can be useful to see if offset changes are happening in a single clock or all clocks together.

Clock Offset is field 5 in the peerstats log file.



Server Offset 10.0.50.100

peer offset 10.0.50.100 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Offset 10.0.50.100 -10.844 10.217 12.801 37.789 41.711 42.787 49.582 28.910 32.570 7.849 35.079 µs -1.97 6.553

The offset of a server in seconds. This is useful to see how the measured offset is behaving.

The chart also plots offset±rtt, where rtt is the round trip time to the server. NTP can not really know the offset of a remote chimer, NTP computes it by subtracting rtt/2 from the offset. Plotting the offset±rtt reverses this calculation to more easily see the effects of rtt changes.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s. Typical 90% ranges may be: local LAN server 80µs; 90% ranges for WAN server may be 4ms and much larger.

Clock Offset is field 5 in the peerstats log file. The Round Trip Time (rtt) is field 6 in the peerstats log file.



Server Offset 10.0.50.20

peer offset 10.0.50.20 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Offset 10.0.50.20 -38.814 -11.659 -9.592 -5.319 0.292 3.638 37.081 9.884 15.297 3.191 -5.037 µs 2.283 23.06

The offset of a server in seconds. This is useful to see how the measured offset is behaving.

The chart also plots offset±rtt, where rtt is the round trip time to the server. NTP can not really know the offset of a remote chimer, NTP computes it by subtracting rtt/2 from the offset. Plotting the offset±rtt reverses this calculation to more easily see the effects of rtt changes.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s. Typical 90% ranges may be: local LAN server 80µs; 90% ranges for WAN server may be 4ms and much larger.

Clock Offset is field 5 in the peerstats log file. The Round Trip Time (rtt) is field 6 in the peerstats log file.



Server Offset 10.0.50.200

peer offset 10.0.50.200 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Offset 10.0.50.200 -123.517 -53.348 -30.097 18.107 48.849 57.386 89.552 78.946 110.734 24.862 14.694 µs -0.6644 3.416

The offset of a server in seconds. This is useful to see how the measured offset is behaving.

The chart also plots offset±rtt, where rtt is the round trip time to the server. NTP can not really know the offset of a remote chimer, NTP computes it by subtracting rtt/2 from the offset. Plotting the offset±rtt reverses this calculation to more easily see the effects of rtt changes.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s. Typical 90% ranges may be: local LAN server 80µs; 90% ranges for WAN server may be 4ms and much larger.

Clock Offset is field 5 in the peerstats log file. The Round Trip Time (rtt) is field 6 in the peerstats log file.



Server Offset 10.0.50.30

peer offset 10.0.50.30 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Offset 10.0.50.30 -17.255 -0.035 21.525 53.599 59.738 61.293 67.823 38.213 61.328 13.060 48.458 µs -1.606 5.044

The offset of a server in seconds. This is useful to see how the measured offset is behaving.

The chart also plots offset±rtt, where rtt is the round trip time to the server. NTP can not really know the offset of a remote chimer, NTP computes it by subtracting rtt/2 from the offset. Plotting the offset±rtt reverses this calculation to more easily see the effects of rtt changes.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s. Typical 90% ranges may be: local LAN server 80µs; 90% ranges for WAN server may be 4ms and much larger.

Clock Offset is field 5 in the peerstats log file. The Round Trip Time (rtt) is field 6 in the peerstats log file.



Server Offset 10.0.50.40

peer offset 10.0.50.40 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Offset 10.0.50.40 -22.693 -1.683 5.414 31.742 36.862 38.244 75.002 31.448 39.927 9.123 28.677 µs -1.742 5.806

The offset of a server in seconds. This is useful to see how the measured offset is behaving.

The chart also plots offset±rtt, where rtt is the round trip time to the server. NTP can not really know the offset of a remote chimer, NTP computes it by subtracting rtt/2 from the offset. Plotting the offset±rtt reverses this calculation to more easily see the effects of rtt changes.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s. Typical 90% ranges may be: local LAN server 80µs; 90% ranges for WAN server may be 4ms and much larger.

Clock Offset is field 5 in the peerstats log file. The Round Trip Time (rtt) is field 6 in the peerstats log file.



Server Offset 10.0.50.50

peer offset 10.0.50.50 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Offset 10.0.50.50 -12.546 30.455 62.802 88.239 101.342 107.240 120.944 38.540 76.785 13.402 85.771 µs -1.903 9.804

The offset of a server in seconds. This is useful to see how the measured offset is behaving.

The chart also plots offset±rtt, where rtt is the round trip time to the server. NTP can not really know the offset of a remote chimer, NTP computes it by subtracting rtt/2 from the offset. Plotting the offset±rtt reverses this calculation to more easily see the effects of rtt changes.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s. Typical 90% ranges may be: local LAN server 80µs; 90% ranges for WAN server may be 4ms and much larger.

Clock Offset is field 5 in the peerstats log file. The Round Trip Time (rtt) is field 6 in the peerstats log file.



Refclock Offset 127.127.45.0

peer offset 127.127.45.0 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Refclock Offset 127.127.45.0 -10.001 -1.001 -1.001 -0.001 1.000 1.000 41.000 2.001 2.001 0.837 0.001 µs 17.9 663.5

The offset of a local refclock in seconds. This is useful to see how the measured offset is behaving.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s. Typical 90% ranges may be: local serial GPS 200 ms; local PPS 20µs.

Clock Offset is field 5 in the peerstats log file.



Server Jitters

peer jitters plot

The RMS Jitter of all refclocks and servers. Jitter is the current estimated dispersion, in other words the variation in offset between samples.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s.

RMS Jitter is field 8 in the peerstats log file.



Server Jitter 10.0.50.100

peer jitter 10.0.50.100 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Jitter 10.0.50.100 0.954 1.347 1.907 5.434 27.133 31.774 592.412 25.226 30.427 12.512 8.073 µs 29.85 1332

The RMS Jitter of a server. Jitter is the current estimated dispersion, in other words the variation in offset between samples.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s.

RMS Jitter is field 8 in the peerstats log file.



Server Jitter 10.0.50.20

peer jitter 10.0.50.20 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Jitter 10.0.50.20 0.954 1.339 1.903 4.523 13.638 29.946 107.364 11.735 28.607 5.866 5.947 µs 5.487 50.17

The RMS Jitter of a server. Jitter is the current estimated dispersion, in other words the variation in offset between samples.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s.

RMS Jitter is field 8 in the peerstats log file.



Server Jitter 10.0.50.200

peer jitter 10.0.50.200 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Jitter 10.0.50.200 2.221 7.084 10.723 27.550 60.710 85.575 590.943 49.987 78.491 21.707 31.106 µs 9.939 207.4

The RMS Jitter of a server. Jitter is the current estimated dispersion, in other words the variation in offset between samples.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s.

RMS Jitter is field 8 in the peerstats log file.



Server Jitter 10.0.50.30

peer jitter 10.0.50.30 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Jitter 10.0.50.30 0.954 1.934 3.337 10.400 42.888 56.091 584.823 39.551 54.157 24.050 17.067 µs 13.82 297

The RMS Jitter of a server. Jitter is the current estimated dispersion, in other words the variation in offset between samples.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s.

RMS Jitter is field 8 in the peerstats log file.



Server Jitter 10.0.50.40

peer jitter 10.0.50.40 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Jitter 10.0.50.40 0.954 1.324 1.875 6.099 28.756 35.189 222.385 26.881 33.865 8.508 8.578 µs 5.448 102

The RMS Jitter of a server. Jitter is the current estimated dispersion, in other words the variation in offset between samples.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s.

RMS Jitter is field 8 in the peerstats log file.



Server Jitter 10.0.50.50

peer jitter 10.0.50.50 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Server Jitter 10.0.50.50 1.968 4.475 6.089 12.912 38.439 64.080 585.457 32.350 59.605 17.969 17.663 µs 15.78 432.4

The RMS Jitter of a server. Jitter is the current estimated dispersion, in other words the variation in offset between samples.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s.

RMS Jitter is field 8 in the peerstats log file.



Refclock RMS Jitter 127.127.45.0

peer jitter 127.127.45.0 plot

Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Refclock RMS Jitter 127.127.45.0 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 1.001 1.363 41.145 0.047 0.409 0.886 1.023 µs 21.21 565.5

The RMS Jitter of a local refclock. Jitter is the current estimated dispersion, in other words the variation in offset between samples.

Closer to 0s is better. An ideal system would be a horizontal line at 0s.

RMS Jitter is field 8 in the peerstats log file.



Summary


Percentiles...... Ranges...... Skew- Kurt-
Name Min1%5%50%95% 99%Max   90%98%StdDev  MeanUnits nessosis
Local Clock Frequency Offset -24.239 -24.017 -23.993 -23.965 -23.933 -23.853 -23.823 0.060 0.164 0.031 -23.964 ppm -1.788 29.19
Local Clock Time Offset -10.000 -1.000 -1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 41.000 2.000 2.000 0.837 0.001 µs 17.9 664
Local RMS Frequency Jitter 0.014 0.075 0.115 0.222 0.440 1.470 7.080 0.325 1.395 0.311 0.265 ppb 9.716 124.2
Local RMS Time Jitter 0.954 0.956 0.959 0.972 1.131 4.337 22.577 0.172 3.381 0.854 1.082 µs 11.91 169
Refclock Offset 127.127.45.0 -10.001 -1.001 -1.001 -0.001 1.000 1.000 41.000 2.001 2.001 0.837 0.001 µs 17.9 663.5
Refclock RMS Jitter 127.127.45.0 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 1.001 1.363 41.145 0.047 0.409 0.886 1.023 µs 21.21 565.5
Server Jitter 10.0.50.100 0.954 1.347 1.907 5.434 27.133 31.774 592.412 25.226 30.427 12.512 8.073 µs 29.85 1332
Server Jitter 10.0.50.20 0.954 1.339 1.903 4.523 13.638 29.946 107.364 11.735 28.607 5.866 5.947 µs 5.487 50.17
Server Jitter 10.0.50.200 2.221 7.084 10.723 27.550 60.710 85.575 590.943 49.987 78.491 21.707 31.106 µs 9.939 207.4
Server Jitter 10.0.50.30 0.954 1.934 3.337 10.400 42.888 56.091 584.823 39.551 54.157 24.050 17.067 µs 13.82 297
Server Jitter 10.0.50.40 0.954 1.324 1.875 6.099 28.756 35.189 222.385 26.881 33.865 8.508 8.578 µs 5.448 102
Server Jitter 10.0.50.50 1.968 4.475 6.089 12.912 38.439 64.080 585.457 32.350 59.605 17.969 17.663 µs 15.78 432.4
Server Offset 10.0.50.100 -10.844 10.217 12.801 37.789 41.711 42.787 49.582 28.910 32.570 7.849 35.079 µs -1.97 6.553
Server Offset 10.0.50.20 -38.814 -11.659 -9.592 -5.319 0.292 3.638 37.081 9.884 15.297 3.191 -5.037 µs 2.283 23.06
Server Offset 10.0.50.200 -123.517 -53.348 -30.097 18.107 48.849 57.386 89.552 78.946 110.734 24.862 14.694 µs -0.6644 3.416
Server Offset 10.0.50.30 -17.255 -0.035 21.525 53.599 59.738 61.293 67.823 38.213 61.328 13.060 48.458 µs -1.606 5.044
Server Offset 10.0.50.40 -22.693 -1.683 5.414 31.742 36.862 38.244 75.002 31.448 39.927 9.123 28.677 µs -1.742 5.806
Server Offset 10.0.50.50 -12.546 30.455 62.802 88.239 101.342 107.240 120.944 38.540 76.785 13.402 85.771 µs -1.903 9.804
TDOP 0.180 0.180 0.190 0.190 0.200 0.200 0.210 0.010 0.020 0.005 0.192 0.3321 2.863
Temp BOARD 48.000 48.750 49.880 58.880 59.880 59.880 62.880 10.000 11.130 2.462 58.183 °C
Temp CPU 48.000 49.120 50.250 59.250 59.750 60.000 62.380 9.500 10.880 2.457 58.486 °C
Temp OSC 39.690 40.130 41.170 48.920 49.290 49.510 51.230 8.120 9.380 2.117 48.297 °C
nSats 15.000 17.000 19.000 22.000 25.000 27.000 29.000 6.000 10.000 1.927 22.377 nSat -0.1146 3.27
Summary as CSV file

Our production NTP servers share the same mast-mounted Tallysman Accutenna® TW3972 Triple Band GNSS Antenna + L-band Correction Services antenna using a Tallysman TW164 1-to-4 Port Smart Power GNSS Signal Splitter. No external NTP servers are contacted and all servers, with the exception of NTP6, the LeoNTP 1200, poll each other. Internal NTP clients poll NTP4 or NTP6.

The LeoNTP 1200 is a black-box appliance that doesn't support timing reporting. Its status can be checked by viwing the Server Jitter & Offset from any of the other servers. It can be found at NTP7 or leontp.bollar.com (10.0.50.100). The LeoNTP link above will take you to the Server Jitter between the LeoNTP and the currently selected server.

NTPQ Stats

NTPQ Statistics are not not available for this NTP server.'

GNSS Performance

GNSS Performance is not available for this NTP server.'

Glossary:

frequency offset:
The difference between the ntpd calculated frequency and the local system clock frequency (usually in parts per million, ppm)
jitter, dispersion:
The short term change in a value. NTP measures Local Time Jitter, Refclock Jitter, and Server Jitter in seconds. Local Frequency Jitter is in ppm or ppb.
ms, millisecond:
One thousandth of a second = 0.001 seconds, 1e-3 seconds
mu, mean:
The arithmetic mean: the sum of all the values divided by the number of values. The formula for mu is: "mu = (∑xi) / N". Where xi denotes the data points and N is the number of data points.
ns, nanosecond:
One billionth of a second, also one thousandth of a microsecond, 0.000000001 seconds and 1e-9 seconds.
percentile:
The value below which a given percentage of values fall.
ppb, parts per billion:
Ratio between two values. These following are all the same: 1 ppb, one in one billion, 1/1,000,000,000, 0.000,000,001, 1e-9 and 0.000,000,1%
ppm, parts per million:
Ratio between two values. These following are all the same: 1 ppm, one in one million, 1/1,000,000, 0.000,001, and 0.000,1%
‰, parts per thousand:
Ratio between two values. These following are all the same: 1 ‰. one in one thousand, 1/1,000, 0.001, and 0.1%
refclock:
Reference clock, a local GPS module or other local source of time.
remote clock:
Any clock reached over the network, LAN or WAN. Also called a peer or server.
time offset:
The difference between the ntpd calculated time and the local system clock's time. Also called phase offset.
σ, sigma:
Sigma denotes the standard deviation (SD) and is centered on the arithmetic mean of the data set. The SD is simply the square root of the variance of the data set. Two sigma is simply twice the standard deviation. Three sigma is three times sigma. Smaller is better.
The formula for sigma is: "σ = √[ ∑(xi-mu)^2 / N ]". Where xi denotes the data points and N is the number of data points.
Skewness, Skew:
The skewness of a random variable X is the third standardized moment and is a dimension-less ratio. ntpviz uses the FIsher-Pearson moment of skewness. There are other different ways to calculate Skewness Wikipedia describes Skewness best: "The qualitative interpretation of the skew is complicated and unintuitive."
A normal distribution has a skewness of zero.
Kurtosis, Kurt:
The kurtosis of a random variable X is the fourth standardized moment and is a dimension-less ratio. ntpviz uses standard Kurtosis. There are other different ways to calculate Kurtosis.
A normal distribution has a Kurtosis of three. NIST describes a kurtosis over three as "heavy tailed" and one under three as "light tailed".
upstream clock:
Any server or reference clock used as a source of time.
µs, us, microsecond:
One millionth of a second, also one thousandth of a millisecond, 0.000,001 seconds, and 1e-6 seconds.



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